Abstract

Growing global concerns about environmental sustainability have compelled companies to integrate green marketing strategies into their corporate practices. However, despite the proliferation of green initiatives, the translation of environmental attitudes into actual consumer behavior remains inconsistent, especially in emerging markets. This study critically examines the comparative influence of green branding, CSR initiatives, eco-labeling, and eco-friendly product attributes on green purchase intention and actual green purchasing behavior. Grounded in an integrated framework combining the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model, the research employed a quantitative approach, collecting data from 400 consumers in Mathura, Agra, and Delhi NCR. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via AMOS 24 and SmartPLS 4, the study validated that green marketing approaches significantly shape internal organismic states—environmental knowledge, green trust, and brand image—which in turn positively influence attitudes toward green products. Attitude emerged as the strongest predictor of green purchase intention, which reliably translated into actual green purchasing behavior. Model fit indices indicated excellent structural fit (CFI = 0.961) (RMSEA = 0.058). Theoretically, the study extends green consumer behavior models by positioning trust as a central mediator and highlighting attitudinal dominance over control variables. Practically, it underscores the importance of educational green marketing, authentic CSR engagement, and eco-functional product innovation. Findings offer strategic insights for marketers and policymakers aiming to foster sustainable consumption patterns in urbanizing economies. Future research directions include longitudinal assessments, cross-cultural comparisons, and the incorporation of emotional drivers into green behavior models.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Keywords

Green Marketing, Green Purchase Intention, Green Purchasing Behavior, Green Trust, Corporate Social Responsibility, Eco-labeling, Theory of Planned Behavior, Stimulus–Organism–Response Model, Structural Equation Modeling.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Abstract

The political system of India as a representative democracy is based on representation, parliamentary responsibility, political morality, and constitutional stability. The political parties in India are important for parliamentary democracy because they act as a bridge between citizens and the government. In case of a parliamentary political system like that of India, the survival of the elected governments is highly affected by discipline within political parties, effective coalition management, and responsible politics. However, in Indian politics after independence, there have been many occurrences of defection, opportunistic coalition, inconsistency in ideology, and fall of governments based on political defection. The fragmentation in electoral representation and the rise of coalition politics have transformed the Indian political scenario after the 1960s. Politicians have left their respective parties for ministerial posts, economic gains, and other strategic considerations. The term "Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram" refers to a slogan that emerged due to several defections in the parliament by Haryana politician Gaya Lal in 1967 and later became synonymous with the political uncertainty and opportunism prevalent in the Indian political system. Between 1967 and 1971, there were thousands of defections in Parliament and state assemblies resulting in the failure of several governments. With defection becoming more and more rampant, the situation posed various problems including those of corruption, democracy, constitutional morality, and abuse of political power. In order to control this problem, the Constitution (Fifty-Second Amendment) Act of 1985 introduced Tenth Schedule in the Constitution of India, popularly known as the Anti-Defection Law. At the same time, coalition politics was established as an integral aspect of Indian democracy in response to the decline of the Congress hegemony and rise of regional parties in the late 1980s and 1990s. The phenomenon of coalitions has become increasingly common at the level of the Union as well as states. While the practice of coalition politics has improved descriptive representation and federalism, it has increased bargaining, instability, and constitutional manipulations. Therefore, there is a complicated relation between the anti-defection clause and the practice of coalition politics. As the anti-defection law aims at providing stability and party discipline, coalition politics often motivates defections, political deals, forced resignations, and other forms of negotiations. The recent political instabilities in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Arunachal Pradesh, and Manipur are examples of how political machinations often take place using constitutional laws designed to secure democratic stability. The implementation of the anti-defection law has led to considerable constitutional debates on legislators' right to freedom of expression, legislative autonomy, power of the Speaker, constitutional morality, and democratic accountability among others. The objective of this dissertation is to conduct a rigorous analysis of the constitutionally guaranteed protection against defections vis-à-vis its implementation in the real political sphere in India. This includes analysing defections historically, the constitutional and legal background, judicial interpretation, constitutional comparison, public opinion regarding this matter, and the democratic ramifications of political defections in coalitions.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Keywords

Anti-Defection Law, Tenth Schedule, Coalition Politics, Parliamentary Democracy, Constitutional Morality, Political Defection, Party Discipline, Democratic Accountability, Legislative Autonomy, Constitutional Stability.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Abstract

It is a study on the formulation and pre-clinical evaluation of herbal-medicated tablets enriched with Jyotishmati (Celastandus paniculatus). It generally has many therapeutic benefits such as reputed memory enhancing, learning ability and memory enhancing properties. There most essential enrichments used in this formulation are believed to have nootropic and neuroprotective properties. In this point of view of these results, it is encouraged that Jyotishmati herbal-medicated enriched tablets will be a good natural alternative for commercial brain enhancing drugs with no or minimum side effects. The main aim of this research project work was to formulate a stable, potential and effective dosage form by enriching Jyotishmati with the other herbal constituents with essential ability which improve concentration ability, and memory enhancement. Jyotishmati tablets were formulated by conventional pharmaceutical techniques formulation and pre compression studies such as (flow properties, tapped density, bulk density, etc) and post compression studies such as (disintegration time, friability, weight variation, hardness, etc) were done and the results were found to be within acceptable pharmacopoeial limits successfully. The presence of various essential bioactive phytochemicals can be advantageous by improving memory and neuronal protection of brain. Along with its dissolution studies are also performed for confirmation that the tablets were satisfactory in all the parameters investigated. It is evaluated that if the tablets could prove safe and effective for long-term use in the clinical situation it may help in improving the ability of humanized brain function. Therefore, Jyotishmati based herbal-medicated tablet has emerged as a potential and vital herbal formulation for memory enhancement.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Keywords

Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus), Herbal tablet formulation, Memory enhancement, Nootropic activity, Phytochemical evaluation, Neuroprotective effect.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Abstract

Property ownership among women is one of the major issues associated with gender equality in India. Traditionally, Hindu legal systems have treated women unequally with respect to property rights, such as under the Mitakshara school of Hindu law where families owned land as a unit and women were excluded from their family's assets. Although new law developments began in the 1900s to promote equality between women and men, there has never been total equality between the genders as to family inheritance - until now. On September 9, 2005, the law governing the inheritance of Hindu families was changed so that all daughters would now have equal rights to inherit the property from their fathers at birth just for being born into a family with a father who owned property. The daughters would not have to wait until they received approval from others to inherit, as they did before; instead, their rights would kick in immediately - like turning on a light bulb. An amendment to allow daughters to have equal inheritance rights as sons would not mean daughters would immediately receive inheritance, however, since social customs will take longer to adapt than the courts. There is support in the Indian Constitution for the change to inheritance laws, but it is hard to break old habits without an answer to the question – if there is so much support for the changes to inheritance laws in the Constitution of India, why have customs been so resistant to adapt? This project will examine how the change to inheritance laws has affected the ability of women to own and inherit property since the 2005 amendment. A detailed account of the historical development of both the old inheritance laws and their influence on the new inheritance laws will be provided. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, will be explored, with a comprehensive review of each section and the rules set forth therein discussed and analyzed individually. After many years of being changed, an entirely new shape emerges. Courts have always had an understated, yet strong, influence over the meaning of the law as their rulings gradually clarify what it means. One case that illustrates this is Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma—not because of the volume of the issue, but rather because of how it clarifies so many uncertainties that had previously existed. Women often experience difficulty in claiming their rights due to the obstacles posed by prevailing social norms, lack of knowledge, and the perception that the procedures required to obtain them are too complex

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Keywords

Women’s property rights Gender equality Property ownership Hindu inheritance law Mitakshara school Coparcenary rights Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 Daughters’ equal inheritance rights Ancestral property Constitutional equality Family inheritance Legal reform Women’s empowerment

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Abstract

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) are twin organizations entrusted with the upkeep of financial health of nations and generally engage in objective economic analysis and intervene via conditional fiscal injections since their establishment via the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The IMF and the World Bank have had hundreds of macroeconomic interventions via loan programs and other means and forwarded lines of credit to over a thousand development projects across the globe respectively. Due to several institutional and regional reasons, a majority being attributed to political factors and their fallout, the consequent recovery and intended effect of these interventions tend to vary significantly across countries. Central Asia and Mongolia with their interlinked pre-Soviet and Soviet histories have had disproportionally decisive economic and geopolitical impact on neighboring regions historically. This paper presents a data driven comparative study of the IMF and World Bank interventions that have influenced economic recovery in these countries since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Using quantitative data analysis of macroeconomic indicators such as GDP fluctuations, debt ratios and unemployment metrics from 1991 to 2024, in compliment with further qualitative analysis on the role of international political economy in the region that may have impacted these interventions, this paper studies the real changes and effectiveness of IMF and WB programs. The study supplements these with concluding strategic lessons and insights drawn from country level recovery efforts across Central Asia and Mongolia for policymakers, development institutions, and consulting professionals in advisory roles.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Keywords

International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), Central Asia, Mongolia, International Political Economy, Economic Recovery, Development Consulting

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Abstract

Access to a clean drinking water supply is of fundamental importance from a public health perspective, but there is increasing concern over demands on existing water supplies by a growing human population. Toxic substances may be present in both dissolved and particulate form in surface and subsurface (groundwater) drinking water supplies. Dosage (combining contaminant concentration and duration or frequency of exposure) is a key factor in the toxic impact of a xenobiotic substance in drinking water supplies. Drinking water supplies can also contain pathogenic organisms, which may result in serious health issues (cholera, dysentery, etc.). Most of the developed world has access to treated drinking water supplies, but this is not true for most developing nations and for many rural areas in developed countries. Treated drinking water supplies seldom have levels of xenobiotic agents that are high enough to cause acute health effects. Health impacts of chronic exposure to low levels of chemical contaminants in treated drinking water are a more likely occurrence, but they are generally not well understood. Possible health effects from chronic exposure to low levels of contaminants include serious diseases such as cancer and impaired development. If a rural drinking water supply system has to be retrofitted to meet the demands of water for livestock and kitchen gardens, then it has to be done in such a way that the retrofitted system takes water to the backyards of dwellings (in the case of kitchen gardens), or extra feeder pipes from the drinking water stand post and water troughs for animals. In certain cases, schemes to augment village drinking water sources are planned to make them capable of supplying water during summer months. Generally, recharge schemes are built in the vicinity of the water supply well so that the recharged water augments the output from the well.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Abstract

**Abstract:** This study examines the rights of maintenance for women in India through a blend of legal analysis and human narratives. It navigates the statutory framework—incorporating provisions from the Hindu Marriage Act, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, and pertinent judicial decisions—to illustrate how the law seeks to secure economic dignity and stability for women after marital discord. The analysis not only delves into legislative texts and case law but also humanizes the discussion by reflecting on the lived challenges many women face in accessing these rights. By highlighting both progressive reforms and persistent societal barriers, the paper argues that while legal mechanisms offer a vital safety net, they must be continuously refined to address issues of enforcement, social stigma, and economic dependency. Ultimately, the study advocates for a more empathetic and robust legal framework—one that recognizes maintenance not just as a statutory obligation but as a fundamental right ensuring dignity and equitable support in a rapidly evolving society. In exploring these dimensions, the discussion invites further reflection on how legal reforms can be more closely aligned with the real-world experiences of women, bridging the gap between theoretical rights and everyday realities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the fastest-growing causes of deaths worldwide. Extrapulmonary dysfunction overlapping has a significant impact on the prognosis of COPD patients. Tobacco smoking and air pollutant are the major factors involved in the initial step of COPD development along with cardiopulmonary illness and lung cancer. Some multiple medical conditions, such as cardiac disease and nutritional deficiencies, are directly caused by chronic pulmonary disease. Additionally, venous thromboembolism, depressive disorders, insomnia, osteoarthritis, obesity, insulin resistance, iron deficiency etc. also associated comorbidities with COPD. Many of these extrapulmonary symptoms are triggered by a chronic inflammatory process that raises COPD cases, hospitalizations, and healthcare expenses as well as contributing to mortality independent of respiratory failure. Addressing these comorbidities is necessary for effective care of COPD, since these conditions generally complicate the treatment. Concurrent illnesses comprise cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, bone disease, and mental health difficulties, and their recurrent changes complicate the diagnosis of COPD and these disorders. Recent epidemiologic studies have demonstrated the harmful impact of these comorbidities on COPD patients. Understanding the relationship between COPD and its comorbidities, influenced by shared risk factors and chronic systemic inflammation, are crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Emerging therapies targeting both COPD and its comorbidities, such as statins, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, and antioxidants, have shown promising therapeutic options but require further research to optimize efficacy and minimize side effects.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Keywords

COPD, comorbidites, chronic systemic inflammation, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, chronic pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

Abstract

The Karnataka Land Reform Act, enacted in 1961, aimed to address historical inequities in land ownership and promote agrarian reform in the state. This legislation sought to limit landholdings, redistribute surplus land, and empower marginalised communities, thereby fostering social justice and economic development. This paper examines the dual aspects of the Act, evaluating whether it serves as a boon or bane for the agricultural landscape of Karnataka. Through a comprehensive analysis of its impact on land ownership patterns, agricultural productivity, and socio-economic conditions of rural populations, the study reveals that while the Act has facilitated significant advancements in land access for marginalised groups, challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiencies, land disputes, and resistance from traditional landowners have hindered its full potential. The findings suggest that the Act's success hinges on ongoing reforms, effective implementation, and stakeholder engagement, indicating that its role as a boon or bane is contingent upon evolving socio-political dynamics and administrative frameworks in Karnataka's agricultural sector.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition